Theory and Practice
This post is intended to help you understand the concept of resilience and the theoretical frameworks that have shaped our understanding. It provides a kind of equation for resilience, such as 2 + 2 = 4. Almost as if resilience were a recipe: add certain ingredients, reduce others, and we can create a person capable of thriving.
Although some things make a huge difference, it is not that straightforward. Resilience is defined in relation to risks, protective factors, and opportunities. It reflects the interplay between the risks we encounter and the protective aspects of our lives.
It is not a simple equation but rather a system of interrelated parts that make up a whole. Systems theory is often used to define the interconnected pathways that lead us through the process of development. The sum is greater than the whole. This is the basis of systems theory. The Ecological Systems Model, developed by psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner, is often used to explain resilience.
Resilience, Risk, and Protective Factors and Opportunities
Resilience correlates with risks in our lives that can derail normal development. They can occur at various times within the spheres of influence shown in the above illustration. For instance, the chronosystem refers to a period in history or our environment that influences a specific generation. This reflects what we now refer to as millennials and Gen X, individuals shaped by specific historical and environmental influences that did not affect previous generations. COVID-19 is another historical event that had a significant impact. Depending on the historical or environmental events, risk may or may not be a defining outcome.
A single risk is not as devastating as a cluster of risks or risks over an extended period. The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) is a groundbreaking study initiated in 1998, which classifies adversity into three distinct areas (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) and illustrates that those who experience four or more adversities during childhood face significantly higher long-term health risks.
Resilience Protective Buffers
Other studies can help us understand more than the statistical outcomes. Outliers, those numbers that deviate from the norm, help us understand what makes the difference. Outliers are individuals who defy the odds and possess a higher probability of a positive outcome. This is where the interplay between risks, protective factors, and opportunities becomes important. These are the aspects of an individual and their environment that buffer risk.
The Difference Between Protective Factors and Opportunities
The first circle of the ecological model defines protective factors, which are the genetic, biological, and physiological dispositions we receive at birth. For instance, babies with easy temperaments start out more resilient. However, a stressful environment can trigger a stress response that may not be buffered by an easy temperament. Protective factors are innate or internal characteristics that can buffer risk. Protective opportunities are different and reflect situations in our environment that support optimal development and increase our potential to thrive.
Here is a list of some of the most referenced Protective Factors and Opportunities:
A more detailed explanation of this list will be available as a paid resource (at a reduced rate for paid subscribers) in the Resilient Resources section.
A well-known study done by Emmy Werner and Ruth Smith helps us understand what makes the difference. They conducted a longitudinal study that followed the lives of 556 individuals born in 1956 on the island of Kauai from birth to midlife.1
Werner and Smith note a deductive approach, commenting that
As the number of risk factors or stressful life events increases, more protective factors are needed to counterbalance the negative aspects in the lives of those vulnerable children to ensure a positive outcome
It should be noted that their use of protective factors equally includes protective opportunities. Protective aspects are extremely important, but some seem to have a greater impact in situations of adversity. Four that showed up in my research and link to high levels of resilience include:
Each expands our protective opportunities
For instance:
Actively trying to cope is a sign of hope. It is a form of self-efficacy closely linked to increased resilience. It can show up in maladaptive and adaptive forms; both are important to address through the therapeutic process.
A mission beyond ourselves, a strong sense of purpose, helps an individual see a world beyond adversity. It is often linked to what is referred to as post-traumatic growth.
Our personal scheme relates to how we view our personal situation and surroundings. For instance, do you view yourself as a victim or a survivor?
The love of another human being is a source of strength, regardless of whether the person is alive. It is an affirmation of our self-worth and unique place in the world.
Protective aspects are extremely important, but some seem to have a greater impact in situations of adversity. These four protective aspects weave through my psychotherapy approach. They help me gauge the risks for those I work with and, in partnership, increase the protective opportunities.
My research has taught me that negative unexpected experiences cause trauma, and positive unexpected experiences increase resilience. It is the theory behind the Make-A-Wish Foundation, and why Random Acts of Kindness are so powerful.
This week, I invite you to engage in three Random Acts of Kindness… don’t tell anyone, and see how it feels to fall asleep at night knowing your small act has made the world a better place for someone.
Would love to know what you’ve learned and if you have any questions, I would be happy to answer them. I look forward to sharing more research and practice to enhance your resilience and that of others in your family and community. If you are interested in learning more, my book More than Luck: Cultivating a Resilient Mindset ,might be a helpful resource.
If you liked this post, I would love your support to keep the momentum going. Please consider extending your support by donating to support my work in Africa.
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